Achebe’s Inability to Understand Conrad’s Heart of...

Achebe’s Inability to Understand Conrad’s Heart of Darkness A fierce Achebe radically condemns Conrad as a thoroughgoing racist in his article, arguing that Heart of Darkness is not a piece of great literature, but an offensive and deplorable book (Achebe 1791). He structures his argument around a few central ideas, such as the grotesque perception of the Africans by the protagonist, the antinomy between the Thames and Congo River, the lack of historical fact, and the parallel between the African and the European women, among others. Achebe misinterprets Conrads work, and exhibits opacity to the narratives message. He seems to purport, as any reader, a subjective interpretative reading of Conrads book, with the peculiarity†¦show more content†¦The reader has another type of anxiety than the one mentioned by Achebe: s/he anxiously waits to see if any truly significant contact with Africa, its people, or its culture occurs throughout the book. Instead, the phrase Nowhere did we stop long enough to get a particularized impression, is emblematic, and indicative that this contact does not, and probably will not happen (Conrad 19). Conrad assumes no task of presenting a good, objective or factual image of Africa, as Achebe would prefer; instead he critically exposes a refraction of this image in the European white middle class tainted perception. Indeed, many normal readers, whom Achebe credits to be well armed to detect and resist underhand activity from the part of a writer, read into the novel its universal psychological implications that override Africanness or Europeanness. Marlow remains insulated from any real contact with the local culture; his stuck-to-the-river journey serves to preserve a confused and contemplative attitude in him, rather than an involved state of mind. His African experience comprises very little fact, proves mostly sensorial, observant and rather interested in itself as an object of study than in the surroundings. Describing the Others eyes or looking into them serves just as a mirror. Legend has it that Narcissus contemplated his beauty in the lake daily, and ended up drowning in it. After his death, jealous nymphs came and whined to the lake, his closestShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesFall Apart while Joseph Conrad authored Heart of Darkness. Conrad and Achebe set their individual titles in Africa; Achebe is an African writer whereas Conrad is Polish-British. The authors draw strength from their backgrounds to validity the authenticity of their fictional novels. Conrad writes from his experiences in the British and French navies while Achebe uses his African heritage. The theme of culture is prevalent in both Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Achebe s Things Fall Apart both writersRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad And Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe890 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe both focus on the subject of colonialism and imperialism during the Scramble for Africa, however, Achebe’s novel is a direct response to the racism and the incomplete picture of Africa that Conrad creates. Heart of darkness is a story of Marlow, a steamboat captain, who witnesses the harsh treatment of the natives by the Belgian as he travels down the Congo River. Things Fall Apart tells of Okonkwo and his life in Nigeria andRead More The Lie of Imperialism Exposed in Literature Essay3048 Words   |  13 Pagescolonial period had far-reaching and detrimental affects on the language and identity of traditional societies. 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Heart of Darkness tells the story from a European Colonist perspective while Things Fall Apart illustrates the outlook of the African tribe member being colonizedRead MoreEssay on Images of Africa in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart2228 Words   |  9 PagesImages of Africa in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman.   Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness (Conrad 94), as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life, but he also manages to depict Africans as though they are not worthy of the respectRead More Essay Contrasting Images in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness2233 Words   |  9 PagesContrasting Images in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman.   Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness† (Conrad 94), as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life, but he also manages to depict Africans as though they are not worthy of the respectRead MoreAnalysis Of Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe 9th plague was Darkness. A darkness so thick, people could not see for three days. Darkness restricts vision and thus the way man understands the world. Conrad explores a similar darkness throughout The Heart of Darkness. He writes about how this darkness, a blindness towards others, can lead to the moral degradation of mankind in his novel. Throughout the novel, the reader is able to see Conrad’s perspective of humanity by discussing two integral issues of the time, Racism and Colonialism. MoreRead MoreThe Nature Of The African Landscape10552 Words   |  43 PagesThe Landscape: In this section, I seek to investigate how the nature of the African landscape has been depicted in Heart of Darkness. Questions such as 1.) How the Orientalist others the foreign landscape 2.) What is the psychological influence of the African landscape on the European colonisers? 3.) Does the psychological influenceon the Whites similar to that of the Blacks? 4.) 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The Role Of Patient Care At Madigan Army Medical Center Essay

Interview Paper On October 22, 2016 I interviewed Major Alicia Robinson, nursing informaticist at Madigan Army Medical Center (MAMC), a 220 bed military hospital located on Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, approximately 45 minutes south of Seattle. Madigan Army Medical Center is considered the second largest military treatment facility. It is also one of the two designated level trauma II medical centers in the Army, as well as, only one of the four in the state of Washington (Major Robinson, personal communication, October 22, 2016). Major Robinson stated that she has been in this position for two years and has previously worked as a staff nurse on the Medical Surgical Floor. She is an active duty officer who has a BSN in nursing and is certified in informatics. Ultimately, after working bedside nursing she decided to focus on informatics because of an interest in advancing military medical systems (personal communication, October 22, 2016). The following questions were asked during the interview and her responses are immediately following. Describe the Use of Patient Care Technologies to Deliver and Enhance Care Major Robinson stated that the military systems are behind in terms of technologies compared to civilian counterparts. For example, big changes are expected because scanning will become a standard of care on the inpatient and outpatient areas of the hospital with implementation of a new computer system summer 2017; this has been a standard of careShow MoreRelatedLeadership Analysis : Leadership Gap775 Words   |  4 PagesNext, the topic of leadership gap is addressed by one of the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL)’s articles. The contents of this article by Patterson, Champion, Browning, Torain, Harrison, Gurvis, Fleenor Campbell (2015) are prioritizing competencies, understanding effectiveness, identifying the issue and closing the gap. In this study, CCL conducted a survey to identify the leadership priority and current skills, then introduce the effectiveness of CCL’s framework to cultivate the knowledgeableRead MoreAssignment On Breastfeeding Working Mothers1 243 Words   |  5 Pagesportion of America’s work force and is an important contributor to a successful business and the economy. The CDC reports that working mothers make up 70% of the workforce but only 10% of mothers nationally successfully breastfeed to 6 months of age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d). Due to the increasing demands of the economy and a push for women to stay in the workforce, many more mothers are now faced with the unique challenges to maintain the ability to breastfeed as longRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesstrategic choices and strategy in action covered later in the book, it will normally be a prerequisite that some type of analysis of the strategic position is undertaken, using the case material. When planning the use of these cases within programmes, care needs to be taken to balance the time taken on such strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main iss ues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programmeRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesretrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in theRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesotherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201)748-6011, fax

Journal of Healthcare Risk Management

Question: Describe about the Journal of Healthcare Risk Management? Answer: The Ramsay Health Care of Australia is effectively in involved in managing risk. The organisational process of the health care organisation includes health care risk managers to track any risk that can prevail in the health system. On the other hand, the procedures that are followed is firstly related to establishing context, identifying the major risks, then analysing the risks, further evaluating the risk that can have serious impact on the health care system and lastly treatment or measure is proposed to control the risks (Franks, 2013). Moreover, in order to meet such criteria, the organisations requires efficient panel of health care experts and employees that can help in tracking and monitoring the potential risks. The organisational process is involved in detecting health issues, diagnosing and treating diseases. Therefore, it helps in improving health of people and improving health economic condition. Moreover, due to high charge on the medicine and equipments company is not able to purchase advanced equipment to measure risks. On the other hand, the social area is highly benefited as it helps in controlling the disease and providing healthy life and making people motivate to have timely checkups (Leal Filho, 2013). The company highly follows the rules relating to prescribing medicine or any treatment. The company uses e-channel to communicate with risk management team so that quick action can be taken. Moreover, company has set firm policy to provide large benefit to patients such as low charge for poor. In case of procedures, the political norms are followed and employees are well paid that are involved in risk management process. The company incurs high capital cost for monitoring risk and improves the knowledge of the people by targeting risk and managing it. On the other hand, advanced technology is used for managing risk so that risk can be controlled. Apart from that, in case of requirements, the equipments and employees are effectively hired that helps in improving economic condition of health and providing large health service to society (Marquardt and Dunlap, 2012). 2: The risks of physical injury due to employ of machine while working, is a centre of the designing a scope that affects the health of the people. Critical Factors: Understanding the level of injury caused to the people and what are the major reason behind such cause. Goals: To provide right treatment and suggestion to the people that has suffered physical injury due to machine use in their work. Strengths: The major strengths of existing technique in avoiding physical injury risk is to work under experts and place all the dangerous machine away from the working place. Moreover, the existing arrangement that is consulting health care experts for treating injury. Consulting with the qualified people helps the injured person to recover in quick time and carry the activities. Weakness: The major weakness is that below income group people are not able to make arrangement for meeting the charge of highly healthcare experts and due to that they are not able to have best advice and get right treatment. Therefore, it makes their case worse. 3: Internal Stakeholder Issues/Concerns Identified 1. Research Scientist Their issue that is related with the research scientists is to conduct and devise experiments so that scientific knowledge body can be increased. Moreover, their major concern is to develop improved drugs or other medical products so that health of people can be enhanced (Hartmann and Driessen, 2013). 2. Director of Public Health They are concerned with improving the health care operation and promoting health wellbeing and sees that the health care workers follow the rules set. 3. Director of Nursing A major concern of the director of nursing is to take care of the patients and provide better health care facility. Further, there major risk is to see whether the health care employees are taking up their job with high responsibility or not. External Stakeholders 1. Patients The major risk that is associated with the patients is that whether the health care organisations will provide expected treatment and care to them or not. Moreover, they concern about the charge for seeking from the health care professionals. 2. Funders The risk of the funders is that whether their funded amounts are invested in the right direction as per the agreement or not. Moreover, they are concerned about the return they expect to receive from the invested amount. 3. Suppliers The suppliers major risk is to seek right payment for providing medical equipment and medicine. Therefore, their concern is about to get respect and right commission for their valuable duty (Card, Harrison, Ward, and Clarkson, 2012). 4: Stakeholders in an organization are the shareholders, employees, creditors, customers, suppliers, owners etc. If there is a risk in a health care organization then to communicate with the public by informing them about the health risks that can happen if any people suffering from diseases like AIDS. The employees are informed how to take measures in their work place so that they do not get affected from these diseases. The stakeholders should focus on their health and safety risks so that they can save themselves from this danger and what measures they should obtain if they are already determined from this danger (Chassin and Loeb, 2013). B. To obtain the support from the stakeholders during the time of risks the organization should take certain steps like asking the senior officials and the stakeholders to show their participation and commitment towards the organization during risks. To access the risks the technical and the discipline team need to do research so that the risks can be avoided and if the risks are not at all avoided then at least the risks can be reduced and protect the organization from big destruction. Risk management is already included into the business plan when it was made and to overcome those risks meetings are done with the higher officials and then reviews are done on those meetings so that the risk can be reduced (Hundt, Adams, Schmid, Musser, Walker, Wetterneck, and Carayon, 2013).. 5: When the risks are identified in the organization then the stakeholders are called up and also mails are sent by stating them about the risks and ask them what steps need to be done to protect the organization from huge destruction. If the organization is expecting any risks then the stalk holders are told about the type of risks and what impact the risk can make on the organization if those risks take place (Earle, 2012). For identifying the risks the few methods can be used by the organization are- Organization record- The organization documents are reviewed and information are taken about the risks exposures. For this risk auditing can be done like by doing committee meetings, documenting the policies, contracting for the facilities, proposals for sponsorships and asking for resources from the government fund providers. The organizational records helps in dealing the risks if any such type of risks has already occurred and how the organization had dealt with such type of risks (Leufstadius and Eklund, 2014).. Professional Expertise- For professional expertise the organization can ask to any external source for their important views which will help them in identifying the risks. The organization can also ask the internal risk management team for their expert views so they can easily identify the risks and avoid them. (Hubal, de Wet, Du Toit, Firestone, Ruchirawat, van Engelen, and Vickers,2014). Tools and techniques used for listing risk in health care department. Different tools and techniques are used for listing the risk in healthcare department the three main tools and techniques are Patient Monitoring, selection of proper physiologic monitors and clinical competency in all the departments should be done properly. Clinical competency in departments like gastroenterology, colonoscopy, adult echocardiography and other departments present in health care department. The monitoring process of patient can be used to identify and list the different risk which may occur during operation, anesthesia process or any other process which patient has to undergo. Suppose the patient is suffering from heart problem and has been operated few days, the health care department has to monitor patient daily so that they can analyze if any risk occurs (Lorenzi, 2005). By monitoring or examining patient properly health care department can easily list the risk which can occur while operation or after operation. The patient monitoring has to be done by department f rom initial step to last step i.e. after giving anesthesia to patient to after the operation is done. Monitoring is to be done of both patient as well as the medicines or medical device support patient is getting. Clinical competency helps health care department to know about the medical activities involved in patient care process. Every patient has to undergo different care and medical support, so clinical competency helps medical professional to analyze the complete activity which are involved in patient care (Wannisky, 2001). Without clinical competency medical professional cannot analyze the risk which may occur while patient care and operation. Monitoring of medical device or support can help department to know about their risk. 7: Risk matrix used for determining potential impact frequency and likelihood of any above mentioned risk is as The risk matrix is used to analyze the risk likelihood to severity of the risk which may occur in health care department. Risk is measured in low level, medium level and high level (Stahl, 2004). Risk can be in relation to patient, technological support used by healthcare department, medical devices used or pother. If patient is suffering from severe heart problem and for getting their treatment started, they have to wait long this can affect the patient condition as well as the department relation with patients (Malone, n.d.). The medical devices used for treatment in health care department have to be updated and available as per the requirement of patients. If health care department is using obsolescent technology or medical device for treatment of their patients it can increase the chance of risk occurrence while operation or in after care process (Meucci, 2005). Health care department should be available with all the primary and secondary medical facilities. The above shown risk matrix is used to show the risk level which occurs at various levels. Health care department is based on patients; medical service provided by them, risk may occur in any field. Risk matrix shows the level of risk assessment occurred in health care department. 8: Risks Options Most Appropriate Risk 1: Strategic Risk Monitoring, controlling, measurement, taking feedback, etc Constantly solicit the feedback: Solicit feedback of the stakeholders or relevant parties allow the management in understanding the actual risk of the business. Measuring the risk they are able to implement appropriate strategy that will be very much helpful for the business (Card et al., 2012). Risk 2: Financial Risk Familiarization the different types of risk with the business, insure against the specific risk, determination the risk level that associated with the varied investment, allocating asset widely reduce the portfolio of risks Determination the level of risk with the varied of investment: For the business, this option will be the best technique of reducing financial risk because it allow the organization taking the stocks information and provides high rate of return to the business. Apart from that, the develop bond in this option are less risky rather than the stocks of investment into business (Chen et al., 2012). Risk 3: Operational Risk Virtualized the targets risk, Identification of tighten security of management, implement the video device interface, Service oriented architecture In order to manage the operational risk, management of the organization in business sector has to implement the service oriented architecture within their business because it enables the marketers in flexible integration of IT system that increase the agility and visibility of business process as well as provide support (Chol et al., 2012). Risk 4: Compliance Risk Health quality standard, Changes to OHS, environmental protection agency Health quality standard will be the most appropriate option for compliance risk. Increase of health quality standard in business organization can motivate their staffs in better way and mitigate the risk of compliance (Franks, 2013). 9: Action plan for strategic risk management Figure : Action Plan for risk management process (Source: Loeppke et al. 2010, pp-281) Hartmann and Driessen (2013) cited that strategic risk associated directly with the operational process of the organization in business sector. Therefore, organization has to implement the tools and technique of monitoring the stakeholders such SAP ERP that allows them in identifying the preference of stakeholders along with changes. This technology helps in understanding the current requirement of stakeholders including customers (Tworek, 2012). Thus, organization in business sector is able to mitigate the problems of stakeholders and changes their strategy early. Explanation for communicating the risk management process to stakeholders for strategic risk In order to communicate the risk management process to the stakeholders of the company for strategic risk, management staffs of the organization have to involve several process such as formal meeting in each week, brainstorming session, bulletins, newsletter, survey etc. This process will allows the business manager of an particular firm in providing the information via asking the question about the current strategic risk (Irving, Prager and Standley, 2010). Apart from that, Irving, Prager and Standley (2010) argued brainstorming session helps in drawing the shape of risk management process and share the idea of managing strategic risks to the stakeholders. Bulletins allow the company in business organization to provide up to date news to the stakeholders and through the newsletter written the risk management strategy through emails or sending online copy to the stakeholders (Shi, Jaeger and Ye, 2013). 10 Implementation and monitor of action/treatment plan In order to implement and monitor the action plan, as business manager of an organization in business sector need to consider several steps such as rising of awareness, training, monitoring, reporting, etc. Raising awareness: Distributing the information materials with the relevant parties provide basic information of risk management plan. Organizing the events, conferences, etc disseminate the action plan (Leal Filho, 2013). Training: Through training manager can increase the energy of production of the taken action plan. Apart from that, manager of the firm can make consistent the staffs in collecting information via training (Loeppke, Edington and Bg, 2010). Training also allows the relevant parties in recording, monitoring and evaluating action plan the risk management process. Monitoring reporting: This will be the effective method of implementing and monitoring action plan of risk management process (Marquardt and Dunlap, 2012). Performing regular update, conducting periodic review and identifying the necessary of corrective actions, manager can implement successfully the taken action plan of risk management process (MECHCATIE, 2010). Identified process of monitoring or evaluating Tracking system will be the best method of monitoring the risk management plan. There steps has to consider in terms of monitoring or evaluating the risk management action plan. These are Conduct periodic review: It helps in progressing the meeting goals and interims. Identify necessary action: Monitor the performance of the working staffs, conducting formal meeting regularly with the relevant parties, understanding the activities of the stakeholders (Rai et al., 2013). Perform regular updates: In order to monitor the risk management process action plan, manager has to provide regular updates of the stakeholders of current working process (Rohde and Dengse, 2010). References: Card, A., Harrison, H., Ward, J. and Clarkson, P. (2012). Using prospective hazard analysis to assess an active shooter emergency operations plan.Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, 31(3), pp.34-40. Chassin, M. R., and Loeb, J. M. (2013). High Reliability Health Care: Getting There from Here.Milbank Quarterly,91(3), 459-490. Chen, C., Tseng, C., Hsu, W. and Chiang, W. (2012). A novel strategy to determine the insurance and risk control plan for natural disaster risk management.Nat Hazards, 64(2), pp.1391-1403. Chol, C., Guy, C., Jacquet, A., Castot-Villepelet, A., Kreft-Jais, C., Cambazard, F., Beyens, M., Mounier, G., Marsille, F. and Mismetti, P. (2012). Complications of BCG vaccine SSI recent story and risk management plan: the French experience.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 22(4), pp.359-364. Earle, T. C. (2012).Trust in Cooperative Risk Management: Uncertainty and Scepticism in the Public Mind. Routledge. Franks, P. (2013).Records and Information Management. Chicago: American Library Association. Hartmann, T. and Driessen, P. (2013). The flood risk management plan: towards spatial water governance.Journal of Flood Risk Management, p.n/a-n/a. Hubal, E. A. C., de Wet, T., Du Toit, L., Firestone, M. P., Ruchirawat, M., van Engelen, J., and Vickers, C. (2014). Identifying important life stages for monitoring and assessing risks from exposures to environmental contaminants: results of a World Health Organization review.Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,69(1), 113-124. Hundt, A. S., Adams, J. A., Schmid, J. A., Musser, L. M., Walker, J. M., Wetterneck, T. B., ... and Carayon, P. (2013). Conducting an efficient proactive risk assessment prior to CPOE implementation in an intensive care unit.International journal of medical informatics,82(1), 25-38. Irving, A., Prager, A. and Standley, C. (2010). A customizable plan for effective claims management.Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, 30(2), pp.11-19. Irving, A., Prager, A. and Standley, C. (2010). A customizable plan for effective claims management.Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, 30(2), pp.11-19. Leal Filho, W. (2013).Climate change and disaster risk management. Heidelberg: Springer. Leufstadius, C., and Eklund, M. (2014). Time use among individuals with persistent mental illness: Identifying risk factors for imbalance in daily activities: Previously published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2008; 15: 23-33.Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy,21(S1), 53-63. Loeppke, R., Edington, D. and Bg, S. (2010). Impact of the Prevention Plan on Employee Health Risk Reduction.Population Health Management, 13(5), pp.275-284. Lorenzi, N. (2005).Transforming health care through information. New York: Springer. Malone, C. (n.d.).Medical office management. Marquardt, E. and Dunlap, N. (2012). Compensation Risk Assessments: A Process for Active Plan Management and Continuous Improvement.Compensation Benefits Review, 44(1), pp.6-11. MECHCATIE, E. (2010). Risk Management Plan for ESAs Begins This Month.Hospitalist News, 3(3), pp.1-2. Meucci, A. (2005).Risk and asset allocation. Berlin: Springer. Rai, B., Nepal, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Li, Y. (2013). Optimisation of process audit plan for minimising vehicle launch risk using MILP.International Journal of Procurement Management, 6(4), p.379. Rohde, L. and Dengse, C. (2010). Higher Pensions and Less Risk: Innovation at Denmark's ATP Pension Plan.Rotman International Journal of Pension Management, 3(2), pp.22-29. Shi, P., Jaeger, C. and Ye, Q. (2013).Integrated risk governance. Berlin: Springer. Stahl, M. (2004).Encyclopedia of health care management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Tworek, P. (2012). Plan Risk Response as a Stage of Risk Management in Investment Projects in Polish and U.S. Construction - Methods, Research.Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics, 59(1). Wannisky, K. (2001).Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

George Ritzer McDonaldization and its Principles Essay Example

George Ritzer: McDonaldization and its Principles Paper The McDonaldization of Society is based on his theory and social criticism on rationalization of society as a whole through the growth and principles of McDonald’s fast-food model of business. The book begins with an introduction chapter that describes the background of McDonalds and outlines the different chapters of the book. Chapter Two gives a history of socioeconomic developments that lead up to the creation of McDonalds including theories of F. W. Taylor, Henry Ford and Max Weber, McDonalds in the present day, and what is predicted for the future of the McDonald system. The next four chapters break up the McDonaldization principles and how each one can be applied to society outside of McDonalds – big business, education and health care as a few examples. Efficiency is the first principle introduced. The chapter talks about how McDonald’s fast-food model encourages efficiency, similar to that of the assembly line developed by Henry Ford, in creating a fast-paced environment. The next chapter discusses calculability and how McDonalds emphasizes quantitative processes over qualitative products; everything must be measurable. Predictability is covered in the fifth chapter, which refers to the idea of gaining customer comfort in the stability of product offerings. The final principle chapter deals with control; particularly those of customer habits and employee work styles. The seventh chapter addresses the drawbacks and problems associated with having a McDonaldized society. Globalization is covered in Chapter 8 with a solid definition of globalization; the something/nothing principles and how the fast-food model has affected foreign societies. We will write a custom essay sample on George Ritzer: McDonaldization and its Principles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on George Ritzer: McDonaldization and its Principles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on George Ritzer: McDonaldization and its Principles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The last two chapters in the book discuss options and alternatives for dealing with living in a McDonaldized society and how Starbucks is now taking over the role as an international mega-chain influencer on society in comparison to McDonalds. My life has been McDonaldized in a few different ways. First off, I feel constantly trapped in a McDonaldized system. Being forced to accept and deal with companies that strive for high efficiency and less human interaction, as well as the â€Å"go go go† rushed lifestyle it all creates is something that does not bode well with me personally. Unfortunately, while pursuing my education, I have to deal with this all the time working as a waitress and see that demand from customers for high efficiency, predictable menu options and how the restaurant environment is set to control customer habits and flow of traffic to ensure high revenues through large customer volumes. I can also see the McDonaldization principles in my school life as well. I expect the calculability principle when it comes to getting high quantifiable grades, yet still expecting high quality education; which sometimes does not happen. Externally, efficiency is expected of me as I go through the system – expected during class times, maintenance of time management skills for homework, essays and testing – all while still trying to keep up a home life and job. As far as the control aspect of McDonaldization, it is not something I necessarily feel beyond any interactions like going to a fast-food restaurant to eat. I feel that individuals always have a choice once they reach adulthood (and perhaps sometimes before or less after depending on how much parental control is exuded in someone’s life) and can control their own actions and decisions. However, I also feel that one of the more major drawbacks of McDonaldization has affected my life in regards to the dehumanization of the system. Plenty of times I feel the lack of the human element; so much now days is automated or so short interactions with people in constrained ways that often it feels like I am being run through the system like cattle being herded to the slaughterhouse getting ready to be made into the burgers society so readily gobbles down. One of the major consequences of the McDonaldization system is how people in today’s society have conformed to convenience so much. People expect everything to be fast now. Many would rather pay more money and spend time in long lines to get fast-food over taking the time to grocery shop, cook a nutritious meal and enjoy time with the family over a sit-down dinner. The McDonaldization process has completely removed the social aspect of food and replaced it with over efficient, controlled and autonomous processes that reverts food just to sustenance rather than an enjoyable experience. Along with this, the fast-food industry has changed what we eat as well. The fast-food model encourages â€Å"cutting corners† by using inexpensive and easy to use products like trans fat oils and other high caloric foods (not to even mention the whole super sizing issue) which overall are bad for the health of society. I can say that I am a victim to these trains of thought as a matter of convenience. With such a hectic schedule, the idea of just going through a drive thru on my way between places usually trumps the idea of having to wait until getting home, waiting for something to cook then ending up with spoiled leftovers a few days later. As well, after so much time already eating those styles of food, it becomes something I am use to taste wise – trying to make burgers at home never seem to taste as good as a classic quarter pounder or even attempting a milkshake seems near impossible at home. In regards to education systems, it seems like they are just simply trying to push students through with minimum, low quality standards in hopes to get the most quantity of students in the school for funding purposes. This can be seen all the way from elementary school through to university and college levels – administrators aim for efficient, calculable and predictable classes and curriculums on the lowest dollar possible to get students through the system and out into the workforce. Another consequence that the book tends to stress is based on the employee sector of McDonalds. Most large corporations now days strive to create worker satisfaction and foster creativity within the workplace in efforts to retain workers. However, in the fast-food industry and many others that has been McDonaldized struggle the most with high turnover of employees, plenty of dissatisfaction, absenteeism, resentment, and alienation and other negative aspects felt among the working ranks. This idea seems to be inherent into the system though; very few restaurant environments contain workers that stick around and enjoy their positions because of the control and quick pace the industry places on them. Even though I do not work in fast-food, I see and feel this as a waitress in a restaurant – our customers expect us to act like a fast-food environment and it creates animosity amongst the cooks, waitresses and management to keep the customers satisfied. The best way a person can respond to the effects of McDonaldization is to consciously avoid the major proponents of the system. Choosing alternatives like â€Å"mom and pop† non-chain restaurants, cooking at home which not only saves money but allows for much healthier food options, and encouraging others to do the same are all positive ways to avoid the pull of the fast-food system. In regards to education, it is something everyone obviously needs to be successful in the world, but the book recommends picking smaller schools where individualism and non-conformity are stressed. I think even Southeastern is similar in this way; not necessarily in the way the book mentions of attending a school with no majors, but the small class sizes within a degree program allows for much more creativity and exchange among students and instructors to avoid the â€Å"cattle lead to slaughter† herd mentality found at a major, high population school. Other options include joining groups that tend to go against what McDonalds stands for. I could not see myself doing anything too radical, but taking the advice of the American Heart Association and making a concentrated effort to chose more heart healthy options when I do end up eating out would be a great way to help support their cause without sacrificing the convenience I am so accustomed to. The tongue-and-cheek list found in Chapter 9 of ways to respond has a few points that certainly caught my interest. These include: the next time you need a pair of glasses, use a local storefront optometrist rather than a Lenscrafters; avoid haircutting chains and instead go to a local barber or stylist; seek out small classes and get to know your professors; to really shake up the clerk at the department store, use cash rather than credit cards; and avoid most finger-foods, if you must eat them, make them homemade sandwiches, fresh fruits and vegetables. There are obviously pros and cons to living in a McDonaldized world, especially how it as affected society since its inception in 1937 to being a globally dominating force today. Personally, I don’t think society would change away from this way of thought any time soon, but realizing now how much it has affected my life, I feel the need to change myself to be less McDonaldized.

Visiting a Foreign Country Essay Example

Visiting a Foreign Country Essay No matter where you want to work, study or travel, first you must know the basics and know how to deal with the local people in that country and its environment to enjoy your experience. Being a tourist, you are expected to be stupid. You do not know how to talk to people, how to get anywhere, where to eat or how to eat. But if you are in a country on a holiday trying to get the best of it, wouldnt it be better if you were not stared at for having done something out of that countrys norm? For example, in France it is considered bad manners to not greet the store owner when you enter, a simple Bonjour will show that you are a civilized person. It is important to have a basic understanding of the culture and customs of the country. Chances are you might experience culture shock if you do not, as what is accepted in your country might be outrageous in other countries and vice versa. This will also show respect to those who live there and you might find yourself making friends. You can get to know the mindset of the people there and the customs and culture with a little research before crossing the border. For example, in the UK, they drive walk stand on the left, so you need to as well; in Singapore, you should not spit on the ground as Singapore is one of the cleanest cities in the world; in India, wearing tight and revealing clothes is considered as taboo as they prefer more conservative and traditional way of dressing; and so much more. We will write a custom essay sample on Visiting a Foreign Country specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Visiting a Foreign Country specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Visiting a Foreign Country specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, the food might be totally different from what you are used to, it can be great or terrifying. It goes from delicious ice-cream sandwiches in America, to intestines in Korea. So if you find that your stomach is not strong enough for intestines, you shall be prepared to only enjoy the scenery, with your jar of peanut butter. One should also know the basic languages of the country they are visiting. It will make things easier , for example to ask your way around the town, and will boos

Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney Essay Example

Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney Essay Example Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney Paper Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney Paper Essay Topic: Literature Seamus Heaney Poems In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting Digging by the Irish poet Seamus Heaney with Catrin by the Welsh poet Gillian Clarke. I will begin by discussing the aspects of Digging which includes the title, content, theme, setting, style, message and my own personal response. I will also explain what the two poems are about. Following the discussion of Digging I will then compare it with the poem Catrin. The tittle Digging creates a lot of images and plans many scenarios towards what it actually stands for. What it tells me about the poem is that Digging is the main feature and could be used to compare with other activities. It shows its about people digging with shiny spades on dirty parts of land. The setting of the poem changes due to Heaneys memories of his father and grandfather. In stanza three Heaney describes where his fathers place of work is situated. To do this he added the purpose towards what he is actually digging for. Til his straining rump among the flowerbeds. The potato drills where he was digging. (Stanza 3) The thought of flowerbeds and potatoes creates images showing neatly spread out rows upon short, green beautiful grass. The flowerbeds add pride to where he is digging as it shows its a place well kept. To me, this scenario is described in a way that is based on an allotment. Seamus Heaney describes where his grandfather digs from stanzas six to eight. Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods over his shoulder, going down for the good turf. (Stanza 7) I used all of stanza seven as a quote because the words written are all relevant to describe where his grandfather works. It proves that where his grandfather digs differentiated from where his grandfather digs. This also proves that the setting changes due to Seamus Heaneys memories of his father and grandfather. The differences between the settings are shown by key words in stanzas. Good turf and Sods show that where his grandfather digs is based on a field. Flowerbeds and Potatoes shows that where his father digs is based on an allotment. The style of the poem is written in a common way. The layout consists of short effective paragraphs that includes passionate descriptive writing about his life. The literacy device Seamus Heaney uses consists of onomatopoeia throughout parts of the poem. What this means is that the formation of a word whose sound suggests its meaning. An example of onomatopoeia is used in stanza two. A clean rasping sound. (Stanza 2) When Seamus Heaney is describing what he can hear under his window, he uses the word Rasping to prove to the reader what it actually sounds like. The effect on using this device, when reading, the word Rasping creates an image showing a spade scraping against a rough surface. Another effective use of onomatopoeia is shown in stanza seven. In his stanza he is talking about how his grandfather works and what he does. To create that image for the reader showing his grandfather cutting turf, Seamus Heaney uses the word Slicing. Comparing with the example before there is no difference to as he effect it gives off. The achievement of these onomatopoeic words is that they give a clear understanding to the reader. As the poet is describing what he can see and hear, using the words Slicing and Rasping the reader will also see and hear the same. Throughout the poem Seamus Heaney describes the different kinds of digging work his father and grandfather does. He also describes how they work and the techniques they use. Against the inside knee was levered firmly. (Stanza 4) This quote is describing his fathers technique on how to stand and hold the spade. This technique to Seamus tells him that his father has been doing this kind of work for a long time. The technique was a family trade passed down from his father, which is Seamuss grandfather. By God, the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. (Stanza 5) As his father got his techniques from his grandfather, he also describes about his grandfathers way of digging. Slicing neatly. (Stanza 7) Cut more turf than any over man. (Stanza 6) The Slicing neatly quote proves that he was good at his job. It also shows that he had a commitment for what he was doing. Like his son, his technique must have been of high quality. The quote Cut more turf than any other man shows that he was a quick worker but also shows that Seamus is proud of what his father and grandfather do. The overall message that Seamus Heaney is trying to inform is that you dont have to follow in your familys footsteps. But Ive no spade to follow men like them. (Stanza 8) I think what this quote means is that from the start, Seamus Heaney knew that he could never be as good at digging as his father and grandfather. It might not have been that he didnt want to, I think its just that he didnt want to disappoint his familys tradition by doing it wrong. The squat pen rests. Ill dig with it. (Stanza 9) In the end Seamus Heaneys decision to become a poet was an understandable decision. Using the quote, Seamus couldnt become a digger for all kinds of reasons but then described that he could write the same way as his family digs. By God, the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. (Stanza 5) Using his familys skills of digging, Seamus Heaney created a simile towards his occupation. He put his effort into writing like his family did with digging and dug with his pen like they did with their spades. I thought the point of the poem was easy to understand in the way that the poet was trying to get it across. I think that Seamus Heaney was making sure that the reader would understand what it was like to hear his family digging with onomatopoeic words, Rasping. He wanted to make sure that the reader knew how good his family was at digging so that they knew he couldnt compare with them. But Ive no spade to follow men like them. (Stanza 8) I agree with the message about not having to follow in your familys footsteps or doing something you dont want to do. If you are skilled at something else, like Seamus Heaney, that person should follow their instincts. It was also an amazing comparison to relate digging to writing. Pen rests. Ill dig with it. (Stanza 9) The message in Digging was successful because it was written with a purpose and a meaning. In some cases, the message in the poem is written with out any thought towards the reader. This time Seamus Heaney wrote a message that had a meaning, which could be used in other peoples lives. Following the discussion of Digging I am now going to compare it with the poem Catrin written by Gillian Clarke. The similarity between both poems is that they have a general link to do with parent and child. In Digging Seamus Heaney the poet talks about how his father works as a digger and that he couldnt compare with him as his skills laid as a poet. In Catrin there is a bond between a mother and daughter. The mother cant understand how her daughter has grown up since the day at the hospital. The language used in both poems seems to be differed through most of the content. In the Digging poem the language used by the poet is presented in the way that he is talking about his family. Till his straining rump among the flowerbeds. (Stanza 3) In the Catrin poem the language is used differently, in fact quite the opposite. Comparing with the Digging poem, Catrin is written in a way that the mother is talking to the child instead of talking about the child. I remember you, child as I stood in a hot white room. (Lines 1-3) The way in which Digging is laid out is also different compared to Catrin. Seamus Heaney spreads out the poem into nine paragraphs. The language in all nine are about feelings but is harder to understand then Catrin. Gillian Clarke presents the poem into two paragraphs. One is about the past and the other present. This technique is easier to understand rather than Seamus Heaneys. For my conclusion I will be discussing the questions: .Which are the most significant links between the poems? . What are the major differences between both poems? . Is there more linking the poems then separating them? . Is there one poem that you could identify more with than the other? . Do you think one of the poems is more successful than the other in presenting its message? The most significant link between the two poems is of course the parent and child situation. In the Digging poem there is a father and son who have a bond. Even though the son didnt follow in his fathers footsteps in digging, he described that he was going to write just the same, as his father would dig. The squat pen rests. Ill dig with it (Stanza 9) In the Catrin poem there is a mother and a daughter who also have a bond. The similarities are that the younger generation in both families takes after their older relatives even though they dont do the same work. The major difference between the poems is that in Digging the son is imagining about his father. He talks about how he remembers his father digging under his window and the sounds he use to hear. These are the memories of what has happened. In Catrin the difference is that the mother is talking about her daughter. She talks about the past but also talks about whats actually happening in the present. I think that the poems are more similar than dissimilar. My reasons are that in both poems the people in it are parent and child and both show the same feelings. In Digging the son shows that he is happy about the memories of his father. This is linked with the mother in Catrin who remembers the birth of her daughter, which is a pleasant memory to her. I dont think there is much difference between the poems so I couldnt identify one from the other. The layout of Catrin though was easier to understand compared to digging. One paragraph of happy memories and one of worried feelings made it easy to get the message. In Digging the spaced out paragraphs made it harder to understand as the information was changing in every stanza. My personal opinion is that Catrin is a more successful poem as the layout of the poem made it easier to understand the message.

U07d1 Three Reform Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U07d1 Three Reform Models - Essay Example RG or Diagnostic Relate Group was implemented in 1983 and was basically a system where the groups were formed based on diagnoses, age, sex, discharge status, medical complications and also procedures. This is the basis by which Medicare pays the hospitals and has been quite successful. This system makes it simpler for Medicare to correctly identify each group and base the possible demand for each group (The New England Journal of Medicine, 2010). This is an accurate mode of medical care and is helpful in ensuring clearer working processes. State Childrens Health Insurance Program: This program was developed with an intension to provide health care for children and families that were uninsured and with incomes that was low but enough to gain a Medicaid. This program had a number of arguments and there was a complete slow down in the program as President George Bush felt that the program was losing focus and was covering more of middle class children rather than the poor children. The program has however again been put back into track by President Obama and over four million children and pregnant women have been treated under the Childrens Health Insurance Reauthorization Act of 2009 (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2010). Mental Health Parity Act: This act was introduced on January 2010 and aims at providing alignment for health and substance abuse benefits and also providing medical health benefits for companies with 50 or more employees. This however is not a group health plan of any sort (U.S. Department of Labor, 2008). As seen all these reforms have been developed with an intension to improve and address all the healthcare system issues. They are all very beneficial in terms of providing the assistance to the patients, however there is a clear issue where all the systems lack the availability of funds (Valueoptions, 2010). Also with the newer reforms coming up each day there is clearly a lack of enough money available to invest into the

Correctional philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Correctional philosophy - Essay Example Clearly, the war on drugs has dramatically increased the influx of inmates to the correctional system. Admittedly, stiffer sentences for drug offenders are not an effective way to deal with the problem. Had it been so, the picture would have been different by now. In addition, it is quite expensive to detain all the drug offenders. At present 59% of the jail inmates are drug offenders. Despite all these efforts and expenditure, the amount of drug captured is just 10%, and most of the people arrested on drug charges are just drug users, not drug dealers. That means the dealers and the real culprits manage to evade punishment even now, and government spends lots of money on keeping the drug users in jails. Thus, it is clear that stiffer sentences will not deter drug use in any way. Instead, what is more useful is to focus on education programs through schools and health services. As far as people feel to use drugs, they will find them at any cost and as far as people want them, drug dealers will continue their supply, and no closing up of border will help. So, the best way out is to ca tch people young through schools and other awareness programs, which are less expensive and more

Holistic Living Guidelines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Holistic Living Guidelines - Research Paper Example Examining the concept of holistic living as well as how it is attributed to the way in which one responds to conditions while maintaining health can also create a deeper understanding of how to moderate one’s lifestyle for better responses and conditions. The results which are obtained consist of new and positive effects which an individual can experience for balance within their lives. Introduction The concept of holistic living is now becoming more acceptable in medicine and in the assistance of individuals living a balanced life. Holistic living is defined by combining the mind, body and spiritual needs that one has for a well rounded and healthier lifestyle. This is combined with the concept of self – care and preventative medicine. An individual that carries lifestyle habits for complete health through the mind and body while living a specific lifestyle then it offers a holistic living style. This consists first of the basic needs of a human, which is inclusive of physical health as well as peace of mind and comfort and safety (Eliopoulos, 2009). Doctors are now finding that this approach to healthy living is also one which can assist with medicine and works to balance out the needs of an individual and to change the way in which they live. When preventative care is given with physical and mental needs, it also is able to help with prevention of diseases. If one is suffering from a physical ailment, then combining the lifestyle needs and changes with medicine ensures a better response (Eliopoulos, 2009). Examining the importance of holistic living as well as how it can be used with changing physical and mental needs also points toward better health of an individual. A Health Promoting Diet The first step to living holistically is to begin to eat differently and to promote a health diet. The dietary recommendations now have moved outside of the ideology of eating a balanced diet of the five food groups. Instead, it has been found that a larger quantity of fruits and vegetables and the initiation of a rainbow diet of plant type foods are known to assist more with the healthy eating. This is combined with cutting back on meat and animal foods to balance out the diet. If meat is eaten, then it should consist of lighter meats, such as fish or eggs. The change in consumption lowers the amount of trans fats while balancing out saturated fats, which are known to be healthier for consumption. This diet is also high in dietary fiber and has fatty acids which are needed for balance. The fruits and vegetables eaten should also be high in antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals while having carotene rich compounds, most which are found in fruits and flowers. It is known that this type of diet decreases intestinal transit time, delays gastric emptying, decreases caloric intake, increases digestive enzymes and benefits the intestinal microflora while increasing the production of short – chain fatty acids and decreasing serum l ipid levels (Lock et al, 2010). The change in the health is one which is now being noted because of the several problems which are arising in society. The diet which many have is leading to metabolic problems, obesity, kidney stones and diabetes. There are also cardiovascular and colonic difficulties arising, most which are based on the low amount of fiber that individuals are eating. When altering this, there is also an increase in antioxidants, carotenes, coumarin and isoflavoids. Immune functions begin to increase while other receptors

Differences between the consumer market and business

Differences between the consumer market and business Some book authors define Market as a group of potential or actual buyers who are willing to buy certain product or service (Kolter Armstrong, 2006, p. 7; Kurtz Boone, 2006, p. G-7; Lau, 2007, p. 56). When we mentioned business to business (B2B) and business to consumer (B2C), there are two groups of market: the first one is business market and the later one is consumer market. First, discussion will start with differences between consumer and business market. Then, the second part will be followed by the influences of key factors that differentiate business marketing and consumer marketing. Differences between consumer and business market Kolter Armstrong (2006, p.161) stated that consumer and business markets have similar characteristics in some ways. Meanwhile, many researchers also argued that business market is different from consumer market in many ways (Webster, 1978; Ames, 1970; Cooke, 1986; Lilien, 1987; Kolter Armstrong, 2006, p. 161). Kolter Armstrong (2006, p. 161) classified key difference between business and consumer markets into three broad groups, namely: market structure and demand, nature of the buying unit, type of decisions and decision process. Their classification is parallel with Lau (2007, p. 6), whom stated that both markets are different in terms of number and size of customers, buying expertise and process, decision making, geographical concentration, derived demand, and relationships. From the review, total of seven key differences are identified. Type of customers First of all, a very obvious difference is the type of customer on both markets served (Coviello Brodie, 2001). According to Lau (2007, p. 12), customers in the business market can be classified into commercial enterprises, government and public organizations, and institutional organizations. In contrast, customers in the consumer market are individuals or households (Sashi Kudpi, 2001). In consumer market, target market for a juice drink is working woman with 12 years old youth at home. Nevertheless, target market for industrial products such as steel or cement will be different from consumer market. For instance, customers for industrial products such as steel or cement will be a group of people or organization whom doing business. This two examples show that type of customer for consumer market is more concern on individuals or households whereas business market is more concern on a group of people. Number and size of customers Despite type of customer, business markets and consumer markets are different in terms of number and size of customers (Lau, 2007, p. 6). Unlike consumer market, business market has fewer customers. However, customers in the business market buy larger quantities than consumer market. As Kaplan (2000) and Olsen (2000) stated that the market size for consumer market is normally measured in millions whereas business market is measured in thousands. Thus, conclusion can be drawn where a company might have millions of customers where each customer buys in small quantity. On the other hand, a company might only have thousand of business customers whom each of the organization buy in large quantity. For example, consider an apple pie seller and an individual buyer that buy apples for different use. In this situation, the apple sellers might have several apple pie business buyers but many individual apple buyers. Meanwhile, apple pie business buyers will buy larger quantities than the indivi dual consumer because the business buyers demand more apples to make apple pies for sale. Buying knowledge and process Other than that, purchaser of business market has greater buying expertise than consumer market (Lau, 2007, p. 7). Hence, business decision process is different from consumer decision process when business buyer has greater knowledge (Kolter Armstrong, 2006, p. 170; Blackwell, Miniard Engel, 2006, p. 70). Blackwell et al. (2006) stated that consumer decision for goods and services including seven stages: need recognition, information searching, pre-purchase evaluation, purchase behavior, consumption, post-purchase evaluation and divestment (p. 70). Examples will be as followed: An individual found that he needs a new printer to replace the old one. After that, he searches printers information available in internet/ seek information from his friends. From the searching stage, three alternatives are found and he evaluate different printers brand in terms of quality, after sale services, prices and etc. He decided to buy Printer B after evaluation and bring it home / install and use it. During the usage, good or bad perception towards the new buying will determine his satisfaction which further determines his loyalty to the brand. That is, consumer decision process is that simple. In contrast, business buying process has eight stages: Problem recognition, need description, product specification, supplier searching, proposal solicitation, select supplier, order-routine specification, and performance review (Kolter Armstrong, 2006, p. 171). Example is as followed: New entrant, XYZ automobile Sdn Bhd need new business suppliers to supply aluminums for cars produced. Before searching for suppliers, they list down their need and product specification. Then, they start search number of suppliers which supplies what they want. The pool of suppliers then compete and bidding for the projects. Eventually, the company selects BIBI aluminums Sdn Bhd which they think BIBIs offer /services best suit their needs and product specification. After that, XYZ listed down the order-routine items and all the specification/order with BIBI. Once the supplies process has started, XYZ will review and evaluate the performance of BIBI in terms of deliver, product quality, services and others performance. The evaluation will determine whether XYZ want to continue the business relationship or terminate it in the future. From the example, conclusion can be drawn where business market has more complex and formalized buying decision process than consumer market because business buyer has to follow specific procedures or get approval before buying decision are made (Kolter Armstrong, 2006, p. 163; Lau, 2007, p. 7). Despite greater knowledge, business buyer is responsible to purchase with huge resources (Lau, 2007, p. 7). Hence, they tend to spend more effort and time to evaluate products and services offered before buying decision are made (Lau, 2007, p.7). For example, a consumer buyer might not go through the stage of pre-purchase evaluation and buy an inkjet printer just because he or she likes it. But when it comes to business buyer, they cannot skip the formal procedure or approval to buy inkjet printers for office use just because he or she likes to do so. Buying decision making Besides that, business market made decision differently from consumer market (Lau, 2007, p.7). In business market, salesperson has to deal with number of individuals. Buying decision making involved more than one person, whom possesses different roles either to build or maintain the relationship with the supplier (Homburg et al., 1997). Those persons involved in buying decision making are known as the members of buying center (Lau, 2007, p.47-48). In the buying center, those members include decider, purchaser, influencer, initiator, gatekeeper and user (Schellhase et al., 1999; Lau, 2007, p. 47 48). For instance, in an automobile manufacturing company, a production team might be initiator or user for a machine. Then, another team in purchase department will act as buyer for the machine. Meanwhile, finance team will act as gatekeeper in decision making process which functions as budget control role. Lastly, Chief executive officer might act as influencer and decider which he or she w ill decide whether to buy or not to buy at the end. Salesperson in business marketing deals with more than one person in, but salesperson commonly deals with an individual in consumer market. For instance, materials purchase decision (new task buying) for car manufactured will only be made when the agreement across different functional department and vertical management levels have reached. Purchase decision will not be made when conflict between different departments has not yet solved. However, a mother (purchaser) will buy a dress for her daughter (user) without the consent of other family members (e.g. son, father). Demand In addition, business and consumer market can be differentiated in the view of economic perspective. Demand in business and consumer market is different. Demand in business market is derived from demand of the products that business suppliers help produce (McConnell et al., 2009). This is known as derived demand. Derived demand can be referred as Association demand between resource and product in which demand for industrial product is linked with demand for goods and products that made from the resource (Kurtz and Boone, 2006). For example, demand for cotton is derived from consumer demand of shirt. According to the news, consumers will be paying high prices for shirt for the coming New Year since cotton prices has increased (The star, 2010). According to law of demand, demand for shirt will drop as price goes up due to elasticity (McConnell et al., 2009). From here, we can conclude that demand for shirt will be affected by consumers directly. However, demand for cotton at business m arket is inelastic (Lau, 2007, p. 8). Demand for cotton is depending on consumer demand for shirt. It is in contrast with law of demand where changes in prices will not increase or decrease demand for business products. On other words, it means that decrease in prices will not encourage sale for business products (Lau, 2007, p. 8). Nevertheless, demand for cotton is being affected by demand for shirt. For instance, although cotton price is escalating, demand for cotton is still remaining or increasing if demand for shirt is greater. Geographical concentration As business is moving towards globalize, customers are everywhere. Business products buyers with similar business tend to be geographical concentrated. According to McDonald et al. (2001), geographical concentration serves as one of the characteristics of the term Cluster. The term cluster can be defined as a group of producer whom produce similar products are located near to each other (Schmitz, 1992, p. 65). Cluster and industrial district are used interchangeably (McDonald et al., 2001). Marshall (1890) claimed that one of the reasons for being geographical concentration is to grab economies of scale. For instance, consider automobile business companies: Nissan, Ssangyong, BMW, Daihatsu and Proton edar. These automobile business companies set up their headquarters office in Selangor. These companies are in the same industry: automobile selling industry. Similarly, they need raw materials such as steel and aluminum etc. to produce automobile. In contrast, customers in consumer mark et can be found everywhere and they are not that geographical concentrated as compare to business markets customers. Relationship When talk about relationship, relationship development for consumer market and business market is both important. Thus, customer relationship management in consumer market plays an important role. However, when comes to business to business relationship, relationship will even play a more critical role to determine business success or failure. In business market, need of coordination between business supplier and business customers is greater (Lau, 2007, p.10). In business market, Cann (1998) stated that long term relationship between business suppliers and customers is vital for business to be succeeded. According to some researchers, there are several reasons for business suppliers and customers to maintain long term relationship. For example, Sheth (1994) stated that maintain long term relationship will gain more benefits and risk of doing business will decrease. Apart from that, maintain existing relationship is less costly than acquired a new one and existing business partner is easy to work with (Cann, 1998; Congram, 1991). For instance, when an automobile company decided to replace a new supplier instead of the existing one, cost will incurred. New supplier is much likely will perform slow and not that effective in the beginning. This is because they are new joined supplied which they are not familiar to their new customer as compare to old supplier. As a result, operation efficiency decrease and cost incurred. Put it as conclusion, sellers have to develop close relationship with customers in customer market. But, business suppliers have to develop much closer relationship with customers and coordinate well with business customers. Table 1: Summarize differences between business and consumer market Key differences Business market Consumer market Type of customers Commercial enterprises Government and public organizations Institutional organizations Individuals households Market structure and demand Number and size of customers fewer customers large buyer more customers small buyer Geographical concentration More Concentrated Customers are less geographical concentrated Demand Derived from the demand of other products Derived directly from consumer Nature of the buying / Type of decision / Decision process Buying expertise and process Greater buying expertise/knowledge Complex and formalized buying decision process more professional effort in purchasing less buying expertise Simple and less formal buying decision process Buying decision making Decision made by a group of people More complex buying decision Decision made by individual Less complex as compare to Business to business Relationship Closer relationship Long term Close relationship Short term Sources: adapted from Lau (2007); Kolter Armstrong (2006). In conclusion, business and consumer market is different in several key characteristics: type of customers, number and size of customers, geographical concentration, demand, buying expertise and process, buying decision making and relationship (Table 1 summarize the differences between business and consumer market). Next, we look at how these seven key differences have caused business marketing different from consumer marketing. Business marketing and Consumer marketing Business to business marketing can be defined as the process of sale or purchase of goods and services involve at least two parties in which the buyer will buy the products from supplier for operation, production or resale purpose (Kurtz and Boone, 2006, p.188). Consumer marketing can be referred as the process of sale or purchase of goods and services between sellers and individual buyer (Noori and Salimi, 2005). There are different arguments towards marketing approaches for business and consumer market. Some researchers argued that differences in consumer and business market did not constitute to different marketing approaches (Fern Browns, 1984; Jackson Cooper, 1988). However, it is widely discussed that different marketing approaches should be used for business and consumer market (Cooke, 1986; Webster 1978, p. 24). For example, due to the differences between consumer and business market, Lilien (1987, p.16) suggested that marketers should use different marketing strategies to approach consumer market and business market. Comparison between business to business marketing and consumer marketing When mentioned about marketing, we should not overlook marketing mix. Marketing mix refers to the blending of four P strategies (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p. 48). Kurtz and Boone (2006, p.189) compared business to business and consumer marketing based on marketing mix: First, Business to business and consumer marketing is different in terms of product strategy. Business products are normally technical in nature whereas consumer products are in more standardized form (Kurtz and Boone, 2006). As a result, they claimed that accompanying services are more important in business products marketing as compare to consumer products marketing. Business customers have to be handled individually and personal selling is needed for business products marketing (Hakansson et al., 1967; Kaplan, 2000; Olsen, 2000). Second, Business to business and consumer marketing can be compared in terms of promotion strategy. Kurtz and Boone (2006) stated that business to business marketing should focus on personal selling whereas consumer marketing should focus on advertising. Other than that, Business to business marketing is different with consumer marketing in terms of distribution strategy. In business to business marketing, business marketer distribute business products direct channel which did not involve any intermediaries and the distribution channel is short whereas consumer products marketer utilize indirect channel to approach their customers (Kurtz and Boone, 2006). Lastly, Kurtz and Boone (2006) differentiated business to business marketing from consumer marketing in terms of price strategy. They stated that there will be competitive bidding in business to business despite list price whereas consumer products is more standardized thus using list price. From the review, example of consumer marketing is as followed: An instant noodle is standardized product. Despite sales promotion, business marketer for instant noodles will promote their products through advertising. The manufacturer uses list price to price their products. Then, pack and distribute their products by using indirect channel, which buyers can buy it from retailers. In contrast, example for business to business marketing is as followed: An electronic product is technically in nature, an accompanying service is needed. To convince business customer to buy electronic products, the company will send sales representative team to market their product to their customers due to the complexity of the marketed product. The sales representative will approach their customer directly rather than go through intermediaries. The supplies company might have to bid for the price because there are normally more than one companies are marketing similar products to the same customer. At the end, the project will goes to the best product quality and lowest price provider. However, Comparison between Business to business marketing and consumer marketing should look beyond marketing mix (Coviello and Brodie, 2001). Hence, we will discuss in depth regard the influence of key factors of business and consumer market in marketing practices. Differences between business and consumer marketing will be discussed based on each of the key factors listed in table 1. Mass marketing versus one-to-one marketing Since the number and size of customers are different, customer acquisition method for both markets also is different. Due to the differences, business organizations customers should be handled individually (Hakansson et al., 1967). Kaplan (2000) and Olsen (2000) stated that communication with business to consumer market is more relied on mass marketing. As mentioned, size of customers in consumer market is large. When size of customer is large and homogeneous, mass communication such as advertising will be used to approach the customers. In contrast, business market is more relied on one-to-one marketing. Customers in business market are fewer but large, they are more expert and making decision in group as a whole. Hence, business market customer should be handled individually (Hakansson et al., 1967). According to Kaplan (2000) and Olsen (2000), personal selling is normally used in business to business marketing. For example, salesperson engaged in business to business marketing wil l use direct selling rather than mass communication to approach their targeted customers. Argument of Kaplan (2000) and Olsen (2000) is parallel with Kurtz and Boone (2006, p. 189), which Kurtz and Boone also stated that promotion strategy in business marketing is more focus on advertising whereas consumer marketing is more focus on personal selling. Marketing strategy As seen in Table 1, type of customer for business and consumer market is different. Thus, marketing strategy for both markets will be different as well. In fact, type of customers might help business marketer to segment market group based on type of customers (Kurtz and Boone, 2006). Indeed, understanding customers needs and wants for both market is important as well. In consumer marketing, marketers market their products to individuals or household. Thus, marketer offered products to satisfy customers needs and wants or to make customer pleasure. Meanwhile, customers might buy the products which they do not really need, they buy just because for pleasure. However, types of customers for business supplier are a group of person whom doing a business. Product purchase is critical for their business operation. Unlike customer in consumer market, they are not purchase for pleasure. Hence, to convince business customers, business marketers have to understand and focus needs of business cu stomers but end user. Then, market their products by demonstrating how their products can help business customers in daily operation in long term period. Second, when demand for industrial products is driven from other products, customer demand for that particular product will determine the demand for industrial products as well. Since law of demand stated that any changes prices will stimulate consumer demand, marketer for consumer market might manipulate product price to stimulate the demand for consumer product. However, since demand for industrial products is inelastic, price manipulation would not increase the demand for industrial products unless demand for consumer demand is being stimulated. This explains why cooperative advertising is employed by manufacturer and channel members. Cooperative advertising is a manufacturer and channel members joint advertising (Cadeaux, 1997). When manufacturer and business customers agree to engaged in cooperative advertising, upstream channel partner such as manufacturer will bear certain percentage for product advertising (Kurtz and Boone, 2006, p. 423). Due to derived demand phenomenon, bus iness supplier such as manufacturer willing to spend money for cooperative advertising because they understand that increase in end user demand will eventually increase the demand for industrial products as well. From here, we know that price manipulation is not the solution for industrial products marketing. In contrast, cooperate with channel partners and develop relationship with channel partners and come out a comprehensive marketing strategy will help business suppliers business to growth further. Other that than, since business customers are geographical concentrated, business marketer has to identify where is the key district for their business customers to run operations. For example, as mentioned in first part, automobile business companies set up their head office in Selangor. From here, business marketers should able to identify that Selangor serve as key district for their business customers to run operations. When business customers are geographical concentrated, the distribution channels in business marketing is shorter than consumer marketing (Kurtz and Boone, 2006, p. 189). In conventional distribution channel, the channel involves numbers of intermediaries to distribute products to the market, this is known as indirect channel distribution (Peter and Donnelly, 2009, p. 145). In fact, business suppliers such as manufacturer will use short and direct channel to approach their business customers which means that distribution is shorter as compare to consumer products distribution (Peter and Donnelly, 2009, p.145; Pelton et al, 2001). In contrast, since consumer market is less geographical concentrated as compare to business market, distribution channel for consumer products normally involve participation of intermediaries to reach the dispersed consumer. Besides that, the distribution channel for consumer market is long (Kurtz and Boone, 2006, P. 189). This also explains why business marketing is relying more on personal selling whereas consumer marketing is relying on mass marketing. Besides, business expertise and buying process in business market also contribute to the different use of marketing strategy in both markets. Since business organization has trained expert to conduct purchase, they normally understand what the organization want. Most significant, they possess more knowledge on how to make purchase which best fulfill those requirements. (Lau, 2007, p. 7). Thus, when the trained person has skills and knowledge, this key factor differentiates business marketing from consumer marketing. In consumer market, customers tend to possess less knowledge about the products as compare to business customers. As a result, impulse purchase is likely to happen in customer market rather than business market (Lau, 2007, p. 7). For instance, a female customer might did not plan to buy body wash during shopping time. However, the customer encounters a salesperson for AAA brand body wash and bought the product eventually because she was told by the salesperson that the bo dy wash is good. From here, impulse purchase was happened in consumer market, and marketers can easily manipulate strategy to convince consumer to buy. Nevertheless, impulse purchase would not happen in business market since business customers would not buy business supplier products merely because business salespersons claimed that their supplies are good. For instance, an automobile would not purchase aluminum (raw material) to produce the car without proper evaluation of the products. Thus, to market industrial product to business customers, business marketer must possess greater product knowledge. Besides, fulfill business customers specific requirements and demonstrate how marketer products can solve their problems is a must in order for transaction to deal successfully. When comes to buying process, business customers have more formalized procedure to be followed (Lau, 2007, p.7) as compare to customers in consumer market. In such situation, understanding on business customers buying procedure is a must if business marketers hope to have a deal with them. Since there are no formalized procedure for individuals or households to purchase a product, marketers can freely approach customers in consumer market. But, if business marketers wish to approach business customers, marketers must understand clearly the formalized business buying procedure and adhere to their procedure (Lau, 2007). Business marketers must ensure any of their actions do not conflict with the specified procedure. In fact, decision making process of both markets advocated marketers to apply different marketing strategy in business and consumer market. In consumer marketing, marketers normally deal with individuals or household. Thus, marketer might only have to address and interact with individual if they wish to convince customer in consumer market to buy. However, different situation is in business marketing. Kurtz and Boone (2006, p. 202 203) identified four factors which will influence decision making process in business market: The four factors include environmental, organizational, interpersonal and buyer role. From these four factors, interpersonal factors do play greater influence in decision making process. According to Kotler and Pfoertsch (2007), customer in business market is much more rational. Hence, Sashi and Kudpi (2001) stated that organization will perform analysis of potential business suppliers in procurement decision. Unlike consumer market, they are more than one person involve in buying decision making. Thus, business marketer not only has to address buyer needs, marketer also has to address and interact with all parties involved in buying decision making (Kurtz and Boone, 2006). For example, initiator and buyers might want to buy material supplies from XYZ Company. However, Influencer and decider might not agree that; buy the supplies from XYZ Company will benefits their company. As Ghingold and Wilson (1998) claimed that different parties in buying center having different perspective or perceptions in regards to problem, needs of the organization. Hence, to convince business customers, business marketers have to make sure all the relevant parties involve in decision making and ensure all parties needs have been addressed. Some researchers even argued that brand plays an important role in business buying decision making (Bendixen et al., 2004; Michell et al., 2001). Webster and Keller (2004) stated that brands will help in gaining consensus of di fferent parties on buying decision. Relationship marketing Today, either consumer marketing or business marketing, relationship does play an important role for business successfulness; accordingly we have seen the emergence of customer relationship management (CRM), which this CRM system aid companies to interact with customers and response quickly to them (Nguyen et al., 2007; Anderson, 2006). Hence, buyer-seller relationship development in consumer marketing is important. Nevertheless, importance of relationship development is much greater in business marketing. Since business market is different with consumer market in terms of several factors, relationship marketing is commonly employed in service industry and industrial industry (Ahmad and Buttle, 2001). Relationship marketing can be defined as Achieving objectives of both sellers and customers by develop, maintain and enhance relationship (Gronroos, 1990). As mentioned earlier, seller-buyer relationship in business market is closer and long term relationship should be developed with th em (Ford, 2003). Hence, needs of coordination between business supplier and customer is greater in business market. As Simatupang et al. (2002) stated that greater coordination between distribution channels members will allow the entire distribution channel system become more flexible and allow them quickly response to the market changing. On other means, the way business supplier maintains relationship with their customer is vital to determine their long term sustainability and profitability. This emphasizes how development of business relationship or networking between business supplier and customer is vital in business marketing. In consumer marketing, marketers can utilize Customer relationship management system and gaining customer satisfaction and loyalty, hope that customers will stay loyal to the brand and buy it again. In business marketing, relationship development is much more complex. Cann (1998) suggested that there are eight steps for a business supplier develop busine ss relationship with customer; marketing goals, strategies, culture, customers orientation and socialization are critical in order for business supplier to develop business relationship. From these eight steps, it showed that business relationship development is much more complex in business to business world. Conclusion As a conclusion, there are seven key factors that differentiate business market from consumer market. The seven identified key factors include type of customers, demand, geographical concentration, buying expertise and process, buying decision making, seller and buyer relationship, number and size of customers. Structure in business market is much more complex than consumer market. Hence, handled business customer individually is more suitable. In fact, combi

Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay -- Merch

Shylock in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice One of the most interesting and thought provoking characters in the Merchant of Venice is Shylock. Throughout his five scenes in the play he is looked down upon, betrayed, deserted, punished and humiliated by Christian society, his daughter and all those that will eventually need his money. His faith and his way of making a living are the Christians' only justification for this treatment, yet even in his alienation he is still, as we see later, constitute to Venetian Law. Shylock's first appearance in the Merchant of Venice is in Act 1 Scene 3, where Bassanio is talking about Antonio taking out a loan on his behalf. Shylock seems jovial in this first scene, before the Christians start to heap insults upon him. I believe that this scene may contain the only true indicator of Shylock's true demeanour, i.e. an agreeable businessman. This view is unfortunately shattered by the arrival of Antonio and his good credit rating. Shylock hates Antonio, not only on principle, as the Christians hate him, but also due to Antonio's own money lending activities and this, his cardinal sin, of charging no interest. As Shylock says, "I hate him for he is a Christian; but more, for in low simplicity he lends out money gratis, and brings down the rate of usance here with us in Venice." Even now, you can recognise Shylock's hatred, firstly upon principle of religion, and secondly hatred on behalf of his business, which may be the most important thing to Shylock apart from his beloved religion. The burden of his race gives Shylock both a sense of righteous indignation and an overwhelming sense of ... ... he ever want to marry Portia? By the end of the play, I had almost forgotten that the only reason was because he wanted a steady source of income without the hassle of working. I believe that Bassanio may have been just as devious as Shylock. He worked out that by showing his greed to Portia during the test, would spell the end of the relationship. Portia could even have been in it for greed. If not for money, then maybe different collateral, lust for Bassanio could be interpreted as greed, could it not? If you think about it, all the characters are driven by greed when you get down to it. As I stated earlier, Shylock's race had little or nothing to do with the outcome of the play. If he had been a Christian moneylender, the same would have happened. In the end, the saying is true: money is the root of all evil.

Sample of Auditor Report

NALGA National Association of Local Government Auditors NALGA Peer Review Committee 1220 SW Fifth Ave. , Room 120 Portland, OR 97204 (503) 823-3542 October 27, 2000 Mr. Ronald A. Coen, Director Fairfax County Internal Audit Office Fairfax, Virginia 22035 Mr. Coen: We have completed an external quality control review of the Fairfax County Internal Audit Office for audits initiated during the period July 1, 1999 through June 30, 2000. In conducting our review, we followed the standards and guidelines contained in the NALGA Quality Control Review Guide published in May 1995, by the National Association of Local Government Auditors. As prescribed by the NALGA Guide, we reviewed the internal quality control system of your audit organization and evaluated a sample of audits conducted by your office for compliance with government auditing standards issued by the Comptroller General of the United States. Due to variance in individual performance and judgment, compliance does not imply adherence to standards in every case, but does imply adherence in most situations. We have concluded from our review that your system of internal quality control is suitably designed and provides reasonable assurance that applicable government auditing standards are followed in your audit work. We have also concluded from the sample of audits evaluated that your quality controls worked effectively and that audits were conducted in conformance with applicable standards during the period reviewed. It is our opinion that the Internal Audit Office of the County of Fairfax Virginia was in compliance with government auditing standards during the period reviewed. We have prepared a separate management letter which provides additional details on the work performed and suggestions for further strengthening of your system of internal quality control. ___________________ Drew Harmon Assistant Municipal Auditor City of Roanoke __________________ James Pell Senior Auditor City of Richmond __________________ Ned Smith Senior Auditor Chesterfield County

Babettes Feast Essays - Babettes Feast, Danish Culture Canon, Films

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